respiratory panel

Most common type of lung cancer

• squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma
• sarcoma
• small cell
• large cell

Which uses TNM staging

• Non small cell
• small cell

invasion of chest wall medistinal pleura,

• T1
• T2
• T3
• T4

• T1
• T2
• T3
• T4

ipsilateral hilar nodes

• n1
• n2
• n3
• n0

ipsilateral mediastinal nodes

• n1
• n2
• n3

metabolic associations with lung ca SIADH

• low plasma Na, diluted urine
• High plasma Na, diluted urine
• high plasma Na, concentrated urine
• low plasma Na, concentrated urine

peripheral neuropathy assoc with lung ca

• charcot marie tooth
• gullian barre
• eaton lambert myasthenia gravis

in asthma, airway obstruction is NOT a result of:

• hypersecretion
• mucosal shedding
• brochoconstriction
• bronchodilation
• airway remodelling

2 main components of asthma

• skeletal muscle deconditioning and airway inflammation
• smooth muscle dysfunction and airway inflammation

Which is not a change in the small airways associated with COPD

• inflammatory exudate in lumen
• disrupted alveolar attachments
• thickened wall with macrophages, CD4 cells ,and fibroblasts
• thickened wall with, macrophages, CD8 cells and fibroblasts
• lymphoid follicles
• peribronchial fibrosis

copd is confirmed when

• FEV1/FVC is
• FVC/FEV1
• FEV1/FVC
• FVC/FEV1 >0.7

Bronchodilators: short acting B2 agonist adrenocpetor:

• Terbutamine, salbutamol
• salmeterol
• ipratropium
• beclomethosone

Long acting B2 agonist adrenoceptor:

• Terbutamine, salbutamol
• beclomethosone
• eformoterol, formoterol, salmeterol
• tiotropium

Anticholinergic bronchodilators (long acting)

• ipratropium
• tiotropium

Which is not an inhlaed corticosteroid

• Beclomethosone
• diproprionate
• budesonide
• aminophylline
• fluticasone proprionate

which is not one of the 3 components of pulmonary rehab?

• exercise reconditioning
• medical therapy
• patient education
• goal setting

pathology of COPD

• CD8 cells and macrophages cause inflammation leading to macrophage alveolitis and brochiolitis--> chronic bronchitis
• CD4 cells and macrophages cause inflammation leading to macrophage alveolitis and brochiolitis--> chronic bronchitis

In fatal asthma:

• THere is:inflammatory infiltrate, sparse neutrophils, more eosinpphilia, activated CD8 cells , mast cells (in type 1 sensitivity
• THere is:inflammatory infiltrate, sparse neutrophils, more eosinpphilia, activated CD4 cells , mast cells (in type 1 sensitivity)
• THere is:inflammatory infiltrate, sparse neutrophils, more eosinpphilia, activated CD4 cells , mast cells (in type 2 sensitivity
• THere is:inflammatory infiltrate, sparse eosinophilia, more neutrophils , activated CD8 cells , mast cells (in type 1 sensitivity

Type of lung cancer: Smoker, central hilar mass, 50% show bronchial obstruction, cavitiate/necrosis, keratin production, can secrete PTH

• large cell
• small cell
• adenocarcinoma
• squamous cell caricnoma

often peripheral in non-smokers, can involve pleura, gland formation, scar, mucin, most common female lung cancer, M=F

• squamous cell caricnoma
• adenocarcinoma
• small cell
• large cell

peripheral, multiple, nodules may coalese to produce a pneumonia, variant of an adenocarcinoma

• clear cell carcinoma
• rhabdocarcinoma
• neuroendocrine carcinoma
• Bronchioalveolar carcinoma

Histology: small hyperchromatic cells, fine chromatin pattern, keratin +ve, 98% occur in smokers, 80% are in males, may secrete ACTH, 5HT, ADH, HCG, PTH

• small cell carcinoma
• large cell carcinoma
• adenocarcinoma
• bronchiolalveolar carcinoma

pleomorphic tumours without definate evidence of squamous or glandular diiffrentiation. vesicular nuclei, variants incude giant cell, cell cell and spindle cell

• small cell
• Large cell
• adenocarcinoma
• sqaumous cell

derived from neuroendocrine cells of bronchial tree,

• adenosquamous
• mesenchymal
• mesothelioma
• carcinoid tumour

caplan lesions are associated with

• asbestos
• coal
• silica

Obligate pathogens in mycobaterial dieases:

• MTBC, M. leprae
• M. Marinum, M.Ulcerans
• M. Kansasii, avium, intracellulare, xenopi
• m. gordonae, flavescens, smegmatis

opportunistic

• MTBC, M. leprae
• M. Kansasii, avium, intracellulare, xenopi
• M. Marinum, M.Ulcerans
• m. gordonae, flavescens, smegmatis

non pathogens:

• M. Kansasii, avium, intracellulare, xenopi
• MTBC, M. leprae
• m. gordonae, flavescens, smegmatis
• M. paratuberculosis

skin pathogens

• m. gordonae, flavescens, smegmatis
• M. paratuberculosis
• M. Kansasii, avium, intracellulare, xenopi
• M. Marinum, M.Ulcerans

first infection by M.tb, few symptoms, resolution usually occurs:

• post primary infection
• primary infection
• disseminated infection

haematogenous release of necrotic caseous material

• disseminated tb
• post-primary tb

due to reactivation of infection or repeat exposure, can be assoc with hiv

• disseminated tb
• post primary tb