BIOLOGY 203:A CUMULATIVE REVIEW

If a cell is unable to carry out oxidation reactions, what organelle is most likely to be damaged/inactive?

• lysosome
• vacuole
• peroxisome
• smooth ER

Which is the correct sequence of the endomembrane system involved in the manufacturing and shipping of proteins?

• Rough ER --> Golgi Apparatus Cis Face --> Golgi Apparatus Trans Face --> Plasma Membrane
• Rough ER --> Golgi Apparatus Trans Face --> Golgi Apparatus Cis Face --> Plasma Membrane
• Smooth ER --> Golgi Apparatus Cis Face --> Golgi Apparatus Trans Face --> Plasma Membrane
• Nucleus --> Smooth ER --> Rough ER ---> Plasma Membrane

What two types of cytoskeletal elements practice "treadmilling," the process by which filaments grow and shink (polymerize and depolymerize)?

• actin and myosin filaments
• actin filaments and intermediate filaments
• intermediate filaments and microtubules
• microtubules and actin filaments

Which phase of cellular division would cells be stuck in if motor proteins such as dyneins and kinesins were not present?

• anaphase
• telophase
• metaphase
• prophase

If a cell was too weak (malnourished) to continue in the cell cycle, what checkpoint would it fail to pass?

• G1
• G0
• P
• M

What is the gelatinous polysaccharide found in the primary cell wall of plants, and what is its main function?

• pepidoglycan; keeps in moisture
• pectin; keeps cell wall moist
• collagen; gives plant cell support
• cadherin; gives plant cell support

Any (general) molecule that binds to a specific site on a receptor molecule is a....

• ligand
• hormone
• GTP
• protein

Cholera, a disease caused by a bacteria ingested in contaminated water, releases a toxin that enters epithelial cells of the intestine. What harmful damage does the toxin do?

• The bacterial toxin degrades the gated channels
• The bacterial toxin repress the G proteins
• The bacterial toxin irreversibly activates the G proteins
• The bacterial toxin kills the secondary messengers by poisoning

In the process of cellular respiration, glucose is ___________ to form CO2 and Oxygen is _________ to form H20.

• reduced; oxidized
• oxidized; reduced
• reduced; reduced
• oxidized; oxidized

Reduced Molecules tend to have many ___ bonds with _____ potential energy. Oxidized molecules tend to have ____ bonds with ________potential energy.

• C-H, high; C-O, low
• C-H, low; C-O, high
• C-C low; C-H high
• C-O high high; C-H, low

In anaerobic respiration, fermentation allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP by...

• degenerating NADH from NAD+
• phosphorylating ADP
• waiting until oxygen is present
• regenerating NAD+ from NADH

Cellular Respiration: Where is the Electron Transport Chain located?

• inner membrane of mitochondrion
• stroma
• extracellular matrix
• mitochondrial matrix

ATP synthase works by pumping protons (H+) from the _________ to the ________.

• intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix
• mitochondrial matrix, intermembrane space
• thylakoid, stroma
• stroma,thylakoid

If there is no light present, can photosynthesis still occur?

• No, photosynthesis requires energy in the form of sunlight for the light-dependent reactions
• Yes, the light-independent reactions would occur.
• Yes, autotrophs will get energy from alternate sources
• No, the chloroplasts will disappear.

Can photosystem I and photosystem II exist and function individually?

• Yes, although many organisms use both, several groups of bacteria have just one of two.
• No, they always are present together.
• Yes, cynobacteria, algae and plants only have one.
• No, they are attached.

What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

• water
• carbon dioxide
• oxygen
• nitrogen

Can glycolysis occur in the absence of oxygen?

• Yes
• No
• Only if the temperature is right.
• Yes, but it acts at a lower rate.

If eukaryotic cells were not compartmentalized, what would probably result?

• There would be no difference in cell metabolism.
• Reactions would speed up
• The cell would be very inefficient as incompatible chemical reactions would take place within the same space.
• The cell would be very efficient.

How would you expect small ions to transport through the nuclear membrane?

• They can easily diffuse through
• Although they are small, they would have to pass through a Nuclear Pore Complex
• They can't move into/out of the nucleus due to the highly selective membrane
• They can attach onto macromolecules that are being transported to the same location.

Acting as a channel between animal cells, this structure admits water, ions and small molecules.

• Gap Junctions
• Plasmodesmata
• Cadherins
• Tight Junctions

If a hydrophilic solution were to contaminate a pond, what would you expect to see?

• a unified mixture throughout the pond
• a broken up, separated mixture
• a drastic change in color
• a drastic change in temperature

A cockroach would contain which carbohydrate in their hard exoskeleton?

• cellulose
• chitin
• turgor microfilaments
• peptidoglycan

Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?

• carboxyl and amine
• amine and ketone
• amine and sulfhydryl
• alcohol and ketone

Hydrolysis is involved in which of the following?

• the formation of fructose
• the digestion of maltose to glucose
• peptide bond formation of proteins
• hydrogen bonds between nucleic acids

Which of the macromolecules below could be structural parts of the cell, enzymes, or involved in cell movement?

• proteins
• nucleic acids
• carbohydrates
• lipids

The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to a partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is the name of this attraction?

• hydrogen bond
• polar covalent bond
• ionic bond
• nonpolar bond

The organelle that is a major producer of ATP and is found in both heterotrophs and autotrophs is the...

• chloroplasts
• mitochondrion
• ribosome
• vacuole

The cytoplasmic channels between plant cells which are most similar to gap junctions between animal cells are called:

• plasmodesmata
• tight junctions
• desmosomes
• chromatin

All of the following are typical components of the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell EXCEPT

• glycoproteins
• cholesterol
• phospholipids
• integral proteins

All of the following statements about a chloroplast and a mitochondrion are true EXCEPT

• both use proton gradients for energy production
• both sythesize ATP
• both capture light energy
• both contain DNA

Which of the following would be very abundant in very active cells such as muscle cells?

• mitochondria
• lysosomes
• lactic acid
• golgi apparatus

The major protein component of cilia and flagella is

• chromatin
• dynein
• keratin
• tubulin

_______ act as proton donors while ______ act as proton acceptors.

• acids, bases
• bases, acids
• polar molecules, non-polar molecules
• non-polar molecules, polar molecules

C34H61O32 is most likely a...

• carbohydrate
• nucleic acid
• lipid
• protein

If a molecule of Carbon Dioxide needed to enter the cell, how would it get across the membrane?

• Since it's hydrophobic, it would need a channel protein
• Since it's hydrophilic, it would diffuse through the selective permeable membrane
• Since it's hydrophobic, it would diffuse through the selective permeable membrane
• Since it's small and nonpolar, it would cling onto another molecule headed in the same direction

If a healthy cell were placed into a solution of high salt concentration, what would most likely result?

• The surrounding solution is hypertonic, so water would rush out of cell, causing the cell to shrink
• The surrounding solution is hypotonic, so water would rush out of cell, causing the cell to shrink
• The solution is isotonic, so water would rush into the cell, causing the cell to lyse
• The surrounding solution is hypertonic, so water would rush into the cell, causing the cell to burst

Which of the following processes requires ATP?

• passive transport
• facilitative diffusion
• osmosis
• active transport

What is the main difference between chitin and cellulose?

• chitin has a nitrogen containing functional group
• cellulose has a nitrogen containng functional group
• chitin has an amino acid chain
• only cellulose has hydrogen bonding

Enzymes do all of the following EXCEPT:

• lower activation energy for a reaction
• form a temporary association with reactants
• degrade after multiple uses
• fit to substrate in an induced fit model

What level of structure would be broken when a protein is exposed to extreme heat?

• primary
• secondary
• tertiary
• quaternary

Why can "Solar Powered Sea Slugs" carry out photosynthesis?

• Juvenile sea slugs feed on algae, which incorporates chloroplasts into the cytoplasm of epithelial cells by phagocytosis
• They evolved the ability to undergo photosynthesis from living in close proximity with a specific type of plant
• They can't, they are animals
• Due to a mutation millions of years ago, this characteristic is inherited

What are the necessities for gene transcription?

• a gene promoter and RNA polymerase
• a gene promoter, DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase
• a primer, an exonuclease, RNA polymerase
• a primer and RNA polymerase

Sigma proteins are to prokaryotes as ________ are to ________

• regulatory transcription factors; eukaryotes
• TATA box; eukaryotes
• basal transcription factors; eukaryotes
• inhancers; eukaryotes

All of the following mutations cause a change in genotype and phenotype EXCEPT

• silent
• nonsense
• missense
• frameshift

What color are Elizabeth Taylor's eyes?

• hazel
• purple
• ocean blue
• amber

Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs) are an example of:

• transcriptional control
• translational control
• post-translational control
• splicing

How do restriction endonucleases and DNA ligases differ?