Human Organs
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The Bladder
Urine, made in your kidneys, is transported to your bladder via two narrow tubes known as ureters. As your bladder fills up with urine it stretches. An adult bladder can usually hold about a pint of fluid comfortably. It can hold more, but as it gets fuller it can be painful.
When your bladder stretches beyond a certain point, nerves in the bladder wall send a message to your brain telling it that your bladder is getting full and needs to be emptied.
Urine leaves the body by flowing out of the bladder down a tube called the urethra. The junction between the bladder and urethra is opened and closed by a muscle known as a sphincter. When you decide you need to urinate your brain tells this sphincter to relax, opening the bladder-urethra junction. At this moment, the bladder contracts, forcing the urine down the urethra and out of the body.
The Heart
The heart is a vital organ that sits just above the centre of the torso.
Its purpose is to pump blood around the body to supply oxygen the lungs prepare.
If it were to stop working every other muscle who run out of energy and not be able to function. In 1982 William J. Kolff invented the first artificial heart, the same man also made the first artificial kidney too.
Made of titanium and polyurethane plastic, this saved many lives and changed the history of medical intelligence for ever.
Unfortunately the valves will only last ten to twenty years.
The heart is divided into four hollow chambers. The upper two chambers are called atria. They are joined to two lower chambers called ventricles. These are the pumps of your heart. As blood flows through a valve from one chamber into another the valve closes, preventing blood flowing backwards. As the valves snap shut, they make a thumping, heart beat noise.
The Kidney
For your body to work properly, the conditions inside it, such as water, pH and salt levels, need to be kept constant. Your kidneys play a vital role in keeping your blood composition constant. They filter your blood to remove excess water and waste products, which are secreted from your kidneys as urine.
One quarter of your blood supply passes through your kidneys every minute. It enters your kidney and is distributed to minute filtration units known as nephrons. Each of your kidneys contains more than one million nephrons
Your nephrons filter these substances out of your blood and then reabsorb some of them back into your blood. This keeps your blood composition constant. Excess water and waste products are then secreted as urine. Your kidneys vary the amount of a substance that is reabsorbed into the blood or secreted as urine. This determines the volume and composition of your urine. For example, when you drink a lot of water, your kidneys produce a lot of urine to stop the water levels in your body getting too high. But, if you don't drink much, your kidneys only produce a small amount of concentrated urine, keeping as much water as possible in your body.
When your kidneys detect that your blood pressure is dropping, they secrete an enzyme called renin. This enzyme triggers a chain of events that makes your kidneys reabsorb more salt and water, leading to an increase in blood pressure.
The Large Intestines
Your large intestine is the final part of your digestive tract. Undigested food enters your large intestine from your small intestine. It then reabsorbs water that is used in digestion and eliminates undigested food and fibre. This causes food waste products to harden and form faeces, which are then excreted.
The main function of the large intestine is to transport waste out of the body and to absorb water from the waste before it leaves. The large intestine connects with the small intestine to the north and freedom to the south.
When waste first reaches the large intestine, it dumps into it like sludge from a chute. The sludge solidifies as it travels through the large intestine. If all is well, the waste is in solid form when it reaches the rectum.
The Liver
Your liver is your largest internal organ. A big blood vessel, called the portal vein, carries nutrient-rich blood from your small intestine directly to your liver.
Hepatic cells make up about 60 percent of your liver tissue. These specialized liver cells carry out more chemical processes than any other group of cells in your body. They change most of the nutrients you consume into forms your body cells can use.
Because your liver fulfils so many vital functions, you would die within 24 hours if it stopped working. A common sign of a damaged liver is jaundice, a yellowness of your eyes and skin. This happens when bilirubin, a yellow breakdown product of your red blood cells, builds up in your blood.
One of your liver’s most important functions is to break down food and convert it into energy when you need it. Carbohydrates such as bread and potatoes from our diet are broken down to glucose and stored mainly in the liver and muscles as glycogen. When energy is required in an emergency the liver rapidly converts its store of glycogen back into glucose ready for the body to use.
Your liver also helps the body to get rid of waste products. Waste products which are not excreted by your kidneys are removed from the blood by the liver. Some of them pass into the duodenum and then into the bowel via the bile ducts.
People with liver damage may sometimes lose the ability to control
glucose concentration in the blood and need a regular supply of sugar.
The Lungs
Your lungs are a pair of large sponge-like organs that almost fill your chest cavity. Your left lung is slightly smaller than your right lung, to make space for your heart.
When you breathe in, you suck air in through your nose and mouth and down a tube called the trachea. Your trachea divides into two tubes called the primary bronchi. One enters each lung. From there, the bronchi progressively branch into smaller airways, which eventually lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli. This intricate network of airways looks like an upside-down tree.
Your alveoli are surrounded by minute blood vessels, as this is where gases diffuse from your lungs into your blood and from your blood into your lungs. Oxygen passes from your alveoli into your blood and carbon dioxide, which is produced when your cells break down nutrients, passes from your blood into your alveoli.
The total surface area of your alveoli is about the size of a tennis court. However, if you're not doing vigorous exercise, you only use about one-twentieth of your lungs' gas-exchanging surface.
You normally breathe in and out about 500ml of air 15 times a minute. Your nervous system automatically increases the rate and depth of your breathing if your body needs more oxygen, for example when you're doing exercise.
Air is forced in and out of your lungs by movements of your diaphragm and other breathing muscles. When you breathe in your breathing muscles contract pulling your ribs up and out. The space within your chest increases and reduces the air pressure inside your lungs. As a result, air flows into your lungs. When you breathe out, your muscles relax and your ribs move down and in. The space within your chest decreases again, the pressure inside your lungs increases, and air flows out.
The Stomach
Your stomach is a short-term food-storage facility. This allows you to consume a large meal quickly and then digest it over an extended period of time. When full, your stomach can hold around one litre of chewed up food.
Swallowed food is propelled down your oesophagus into your stomach. Food is enclosed in your stomach by two circular muscles, known as sphincters.
As soon as food enters your stomach, your stomach lining releases enzymes that start breaking down proteins in the food. Your stomach lining also secretes hydrochloric acid, which creates the ideal conditions for the protein-digesting enzymes to work. The potent hydrochloric acid kills bacteria, protecting your body from harmful microbes which can enter your body in food.
Your stomach protects itself from being digested by its own enzymes, or burnt by the corrosive hydrochloric acid, by secreting sticky, neutralising mucus that clings to the stomach walls. If this layer becomes damaged in any way it can result in painful and unpleasant stomach ulcers.
Waves of muscular contraction along your stomach wall, known as peristalsis, break food down into smaller pieces, mix it with fluids secreted from your stomach lining and move it through your stomach. This creates a mixture that resembles thick cream.
The Small Intestines
Your small intestine is around five meters long, making it the longest section of your digestive tract. Although it is longer than your large intestine it has a smaller diameter. This is why it's called the small intestine.
After food is churned up in your stomach, a sphincter muscle at the end of your stomach opens to squirt small amounts of food into the top of your small intestine. This first section of the small intestine is called the duodenum.
Your pancreas releases digestive juices through a duct into your duodenum. This fluid is rich in enzymes that break down fats, proteins and carbohydrates. It also contains sodium bicarbonate which neutralises acid produced in your stomach.
Your gall bladder squeezes out bile down a duct into your duodenum. Bile helps break down fats in your food.
Digesting food is pushed through the small intestine by peristalsis. Peristalsis is a muscular movement in which alternating waves of muscle contraction and relaxation cause food to be squeezed along the digestive tract.
Urine, made in your kidneys, is transported to your bladder via two narrow tubes known as ureters. As your bladder fills up with urine it stretches. An adult bladder can usually hold about a pint of fluid comfortably. It can hold more, but as it gets fuller it can be painful.
When your bladder stretches beyond a certain point, nerves in the bladder wall send a message to your brain telling it that your bladder is getting full and needs to be emptied.
Urine leaves the body by flowing out of the bladder down a tube called the urethra. The junction between the bladder and urethra is opened and closed by a muscle known as a sphincter. When you decide you need to urinate your brain tells this sphincter to relax, opening the bladder-urethra junction. At this moment, the bladder contracts, forcing the urine down the urethra and out of the body.
The Heart
The heart is a vital organ that sits just above the centre of the torso.
Its purpose is to pump blood around the body to supply oxygen the lungs prepare.
If it were to stop working every other muscle who run out of energy and not be able to function. In 1982 William J. Kolff invented the first artificial heart, the same man also made the first artificial kidney too.
Made of titanium and polyurethane plastic, this saved many lives and changed the history of medical intelligence for ever.
Unfortunately the valves will only last ten to twenty years.
The heart is divided into four hollow chambers. The upper two chambers are called atria. They are joined to two lower chambers called ventricles. These are the pumps of your heart. As blood flows through a valve from one chamber into another the valve closes, preventing blood flowing backwards. As the valves snap shut, they make a thumping, heart beat noise.
The Kidney
For your body to work properly, the conditions inside it, such as water, pH and salt levels, need to be kept constant. Your kidneys play a vital role in keeping your blood composition constant. They filter your blood to remove excess water and waste products, which are secreted from your kidneys as urine.
One quarter of your blood supply passes through your kidneys every minute. It enters your kidney and is distributed to minute filtration units known as nephrons. Each of your kidneys contains more than one million nephrons
Your nephrons filter these substances out of your blood and then reabsorb some of them back into your blood. This keeps your blood composition constant. Excess water and waste products are then secreted as urine. Your kidneys vary the amount of a substance that is reabsorbed into the blood or secreted as urine. This determines the volume and composition of your urine. For example, when you drink a lot of water, your kidneys produce a lot of urine to stop the water levels in your body getting too high. But, if you don't drink much, your kidneys only produce a small amount of concentrated urine, keeping as much water as possible in your body.
When your kidneys detect that your blood pressure is dropping, they secrete an enzyme called renin. This enzyme triggers a chain of events that makes your kidneys reabsorb more salt and water, leading to an increase in blood pressure.
The Large Intestines
Your large intestine is the final part of your digestive tract. Undigested food enters your large intestine from your small intestine. It then reabsorbs water that is used in digestion and eliminates undigested food and fibre. This causes food waste products to harden and form faeces, which are then excreted.
The main function of the large intestine is to transport waste out of the body and to absorb water from the waste before it leaves. The large intestine connects with the small intestine to the north and freedom to the south.
When waste first reaches the large intestine, it dumps into it like sludge from a chute. The sludge solidifies as it travels through the large intestine. If all is well, the waste is in solid form when it reaches the rectum.
The Liver
Your liver is your largest internal organ. A big blood vessel, called the portal vein, carries nutrient-rich blood from your small intestine directly to your liver.
Hepatic cells make up about 60 percent of your liver tissue. These specialized liver cells carry out more chemical processes than any other group of cells in your body. They change most of the nutrients you consume into forms your body cells can use.
Because your liver fulfils so many vital functions, you would die within 24 hours if it stopped working. A common sign of a damaged liver is jaundice, a yellowness of your eyes and skin. This happens when bilirubin, a yellow breakdown product of your red blood cells, builds up in your blood.
One of your liver’s most important functions is to break down food and convert it into energy when you need it. Carbohydrates such as bread and potatoes from our diet are broken down to glucose and stored mainly in the liver and muscles as glycogen. When energy is required in an emergency the liver rapidly converts its store of glycogen back into glucose ready for the body to use.
Your liver also helps the body to get rid of waste products. Waste products which are not excreted by your kidneys are removed from the blood by the liver. Some of them pass into the duodenum and then into the bowel via the bile ducts.
People with liver damage may sometimes lose the ability to control
glucose concentration in the blood and need a regular supply of sugar.
The Lungs
Your lungs are a pair of large sponge-like organs that almost fill your chest cavity. Your left lung is slightly smaller than your right lung, to make space for your heart.
When you breathe in, you suck air in through your nose and mouth and down a tube called the trachea. Your trachea divides into two tubes called the primary bronchi. One enters each lung. From there, the bronchi progressively branch into smaller airways, which eventually lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli. This intricate network of airways looks like an upside-down tree.
Your alveoli are surrounded by minute blood vessels, as this is where gases diffuse from your lungs into your blood and from your blood into your lungs. Oxygen passes from your alveoli into your blood and carbon dioxide, which is produced when your cells break down nutrients, passes from your blood into your alveoli.
The total surface area of your alveoli is about the size of a tennis court. However, if you're not doing vigorous exercise, you only use about one-twentieth of your lungs' gas-exchanging surface.
You normally breathe in and out about 500ml of air 15 times a minute. Your nervous system automatically increases the rate and depth of your breathing if your body needs more oxygen, for example when you're doing exercise.
Air is forced in and out of your lungs by movements of your diaphragm and other breathing muscles. When you breathe in your breathing muscles contract pulling your ribs up and out. The space within your chest increases and reduces the air pressure inside your lungs. As a result, air flows into your lungs. When you breathe out, your muscles relax and your ribs move down and in. The space within your chest decreases again, the pressure inside your lungs increases, and air flows out.
The Stomach
Your stomach is a short-term food-storage facility. This allows you to consume a large meal quickly and then digest it over an extended period of time. When full, your stomach can hold around one litre of chewed up food.
Swallowed food is propelled down your oesophagus into your stomach. Food is enclosed in your stomach by two circular muscles, known as sphincters.
As soon as food enters your stomach, your stomach lining releases enzymes that start breaking down proteins in the food. Your stomach lining also secretes hydrochloric acid, which creates the ideal conditions for the protein-digesting enzymes to work. The potent hydrochloric acid kills bacteria, protecting your body from harmful microbes which can enter your body in food.
Your stomach protects itself from being digested by its own enzymes, or burnt by the corrosive hydrochloric acid, by secreting sticky, neutralising mucus that clings to the stomach walls. If this layer becomes damaged in any way it can result in painful and unpleasant stomach ulcers.
Waves of muscular contraction along your stomach wall, known as peristalsis, break food down into smaller pieces, mix it with fluids secreted from your stomach lining and move it through your stomach. This creates a mixture that resembles thick cream.
The Small Intestines
Your small intestine is around five meters long, making it the longest section of your digestive tract. Although it is longer than your large intestine it has a smaller diameter. This is why it's called the small intestine.
After food is churned up in your stomach, a sphincter muscle at the end of your stomach opens to squirt small amounts of food into the top of your small intestine. This first section of the small intestine is called the duodenum.
Your pancreas releases digestive juices through a duct into your duodenum. This fluid is rich in enzymes that break down fats, proteins and carbohydrates. It also contains sodium bicarbonate which neutralises acid produced in your stomach.
Your gall bladder squeezes out bile down a duct into your duodenum. Bile helps break down fats in your food.
Digesting food is pushed through the small intestine by peristalsis. Peristalsis is a muscular movement in which alternating waves of muscle contraction and relaxation cause food to be squeezed along the digestive tract.
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