Quiz: Child and Adolescent Development

1

During the preschool years:
- boys outgrow girls significantly
- girls outgrow boys significantly
- boys and girls show about the same growth patterns
- girls get heavier while boys get taller
2

When is brain plasticity at its peak?
- not until adolescence
- between the ages of 1 and 2
- it varies greatly from individual to individual
- it varies greatly between females and males
3

Younger preschoolers
- are less likely to engage in any form of play than older preschoolers
- are more likely to engage in cooperative play than older preschoolers
- are more likely to engage in physical play than older preschoolers
- are more sociable than older preschoolers
4

Nhu and Joseph are chasing each other around the park and wrestling in the grass. This form of play is called:
- aggressive play
- cooperative play
- large muscle skill play
- rough-and-tumble play
5

Rough-and-tumble play:
- is simply an expression of aggression
- is important to the physical and social development of children
- increases as children get older
- is specific to American culture
6

By the age of two, which of the following fine motor skills can a child accomplish?
- lacing one's shoes
- printing one's first name
- using a pencil with the correct hand grip
- none of the above
7

Two-year-old Samantha is drawing a picture. It consists of scribbles that she has carefully drawn along the border of the paper. Which stage of drawing is Samantha in?
- scribbles
- placement
- shape
- design
8

With handedness:
- you are either right-handed or left-handed
- anyone could be either right-handed or left-handed - it's all due to experience
- regardless of what is done, about 90% of people will become right-handed
- significantly more people are becoming left-handed as we move into the computer era
9

Jeremy stutters. What might we guess about his handedness?
- he is right-handed, as this is associated with stuttering
- there is no relationship between handedness and challenges such as stuttering
- he is likely to be left-handed
- he has inherited damage to his medulla, which is associated with handedness
10

As children move from infancy into the preschool years:
- their nutritional needs stay virtually the same
- they need significantly less vitamin intake than infants
- they need significantly more fat than infants
- they need to consume fewer calories per pound than infants
11

The average 4- to 6-year-old requires __ calories per day.
- 1,000
- 1,400
- 1,800
- 2,400
12

Parent's dislikes of certain types of foods (such as vegetables):
- lead to their child having healthy eating habits in later childhood
- have no impact whatsoever on their child's food preferences
- may lead to the child also disliking those foods
- impact boys more so than girls
13

Minor illnesses refer to those that:
- occur in 1 to 3-year-olds more often than in older children
- last only 24 hours
- last only a few days and are not life threatening
- do not require over-the-counter medications
14

Which group is most likely to obtain vaccinations for their children?
- Native-Americans
- African-Americans
- Latino/Latina-Americans
- Asian-Americans
15

Around the world, nearly two-thirds of the children who die each year die of:
- heart disease
- unintentional injury
- influenza
- one of six diseases
16

Why are poor children significantly more likely to die from accidents?
- due to dangerous housing conditions
- they are more likely to have parents who don't care
- because they are more likely to live in single-parent homes
- none of these
17

What percentage of dreams occurs during REM sleep?
- 50%
- 60%
- 70%
- 80%
18

Failure to control the bladder once the "normal" age for bladder control has been achieved is called:
- encopresis
- urinesis
- enuresis
- ontothesis
19

Bedwetting tends to occur:
- during stage 1 sleep
- during REM sleep
- during stage 3 sleep
- during the deepest stage of sleep
20

Being able to pretend involves:
- manipulation of symbols
- cognitive sophistication
- preoperational thought
- all of these
21

Engaging in elaborate pretend play is associated with:
- behavioral problems
- loneliness
- increased creativity and ability to relate to peers
- being an only or firstborn child
22

Which of the following is true about imaginary friends?
- they are a sign of serious pathology
- they are extremely rare
- as many as 65% of preschoolers have them
- they are more common in later-born children
23

If you ask a child the question "Why does it get dark outside?" and he responds, "So I can go to sleep." This child:
- is most likely in preoperational thinking
- is demonstrating precausal thinking
- is engaging in egocentric thinking
- all of these
24

"The sun is sad" is an example of:
- egocentrism
- artificialism
- animism
- conservation
25

Understanding class inclusion requires an understanding of:
- reversibility
- conservation
- decentration
- all of these
26

Which of the following is true?
- lack of centration enables one to have the ability of conservation
- centration causes one to have the ability of conservation
- centration and conservation are unrelated
- conservation causes centration
27

Which of the following is a scaffolding strategy for helping a child understand a story?
- focusing on the child's attention on important details
- using a number of questions about what the child is doing
- correcting the child's misunderstandings
- all of these
28

Which of the following is associated with higher IQ scores by age 3?
- emotionally responsive parenting
- verbally responsive parenting
- a variety of daily experiences when young
- all of these
29

Preschool programs for disadvantaged children were created because poor children:
- do less well on standardized tests and are at risk for school failure
- need the nutrition and medical care that these programs provide
- perform less well on the HOME scale
- do not have access to high quality elementary schools
30

Piaget believed that the appearance-reality distinction appeared at what age?
- age 3
- age 4
- age 5
- not until age 7 or 8
31

Preoperational children show some difficulties in recognizing the difference between reality and appearance. This is due to:
- a lack of understanding object permanence
- an inability to understand egocentrism
- a limited understanding of mental representations
- none of these
32

Autobiographical memory appears to be linked to:
- language development
- maturation of predetermined cognitive functions
- the child's tendency to ignore what happens to others
- childhood egocentrism
33

Which of the following would increase a young child's memory for an event?
- if the activities have happened for the first time
- if the activities occurred in a particular order
- if the activities were engaged in by their mother
- if the activities were random in nature
34

Childhood memories seldom persist into adulthood until after age __ .
- 6 months
- 12 months
- 18 months
- 24 months
35

Repetition is the same as:
- rehearsal
- memorization
- categorization
- recall
36

In the study by DeLoache and colleagues (1985), what behaviors did children exhibit which indicated they were trying to remember where Big Bird was hidden?
- they searched for the toy
- they asked to see the toy
- they pointed or looked at the hiding place
- they did not show any behaviors which indicated that they were trying to remember
37

Given the whole-object assumption, a child would assume that "train" refers to the:
- train whistle
- caboose
- train wheels
- entire train
38

Piaget believed that children __ then __.
- learn words; develop classes and categories of objects
- develop concepts; learn words to describe the concepts
- separate vocalizations from thought; combine them
- develop inner speech; learn to label new objects and concepts
39

Fantasy play often involves:
- older preschoolers
- adopting adult roles
- cooperation
- all of these
40

Should parents restrict their children's behavior?
- yes, as much as possible
- no, it thwarts their development
- it depends upon the child's temperament
- it depends upon how "restrictiveness" is defined
41

2-year-old Matt reaches over and pulls his mother's hair. She responds by saying "Don't do that. It hurts!" This type of response qualifies as:
- an inductive technique
- a power-assertive method
- withdrawal of love
- restrictive parenting
42

The parental technique of power assertion is associated with:
- lower acceptance by peers
- higher rates of antisocial behavior
- interpersonal problems
- all of these
43

In many cultures, __.
- older brothers typically take care of younger siblings
- younger siblings typically turn to older sisters when their mothers are unavailable
- the influence of older sisters on siblings disappears after adolescence
- as siblings reach adolescence, their conflict increases
44

Does the birth of a sibling have an impact on existing children in the family?
- no, it usually does not
- yes, but the effects are almost always positive
- no, unless there is more than one sibling already in the family
- yes, in both positive and negative ways
45

Why might parents "relax" in their expectations of later-born children?
- they have come to trust their parenting skills
- they have fewer resources to "share" amongst multiple children
- they see that the first-born child is developing in a healthy way
- all of these are possible reasons
46

Does play serve a purpose?
- no, it is a simple pleasure of childhood
- yes, it serves many purposes
- not until the age of 3 or older, when the child can learn from it cognitively
- no, because not all children in all cultures demonstrate play
47

Bridgette and Ben have created a game in which they race their bicycles through an obstacle course. According to Piaget, this type of play is defined as:
- functional
- symbolic
- constructive
- formal games
48

The tendency to prefer to play with peers of the same gender:
- does not usually appear until approximately age 5 or 6
- weakens as children enter middle childhood
- is seen across a wide variety of cultures
- is mostly a myth
49

Why might children prefer to associate with peers of their own gender?
- because they probably share similar interests
- they do not, this is a fallacy
- they are taught to show such a preference
- the preference is biological
50

If Leticia agrees to help Tricia with her project in return for a candy bar, is Leticia exhibiting prosocial behavior?
- yes, because it is helping behavior
- no, because a reward is involved
- it depends upon whether Leticia likes Tricia
- it depends upon whether Leticia has been rewarded for doing this type of behavior
51

Which of the following children would be most likely to demonstrate prosocial behavior?
- one whose parents were permissive-indulgent
- one who is securely attached to his/her parents
- one who is raised by authoritarian parents
- one who has multiple siblings
52

Researchers who propose that individuals are aggressive because there is a competition for resources, such as food, adhere to the __ theory of aggression.
- biological factors
- evolutionary
- cognitive factor
- social learning
53

William watches a lot of televised violence. How might this affect his likelihood of helping a victim when violence occurs?
- he might be less likely to take action
- it would cause him to be more likely to intervene
- it would decrease the arousal he feels, causing him to be more likely to be calm and know what to do in a violent situation
- it would increase his awareness of the violence
54

Which of the following is true regarding media violence and aggression?
- the relationship has been found for boys, but not girls
- media violence may disinhibit aggressive behavior
- media violence decreases levels of arousal
- children who see more media violence are less likely to use violence themselves
55

Considering all women to be "emotional" is:
- accurate
- consistent across cultures
- a gender-stereotype
- not based on fact
56

Kohlberg suggested a cognitive-developmental view of gender typing that suggests that:
- gender is "stamped" into the wiring of the brain and how it processes information
- children play an active role in their own gender typing by forming concepts of gender and then fitting their behavior to those concepts
- parents (caregivers) are the sole determining force in the gender typing of children
- none of these
57

In the United States, when has an adolescent made the transition into adulthood?
- age 16
- age 18
- age 21
- it is difficult to tell and varies by person
58

According to Anna Freud, why is adolescence a turbulent time?
- because of identity issues
- because of repressed fears from childhood coming to the surface
- because of the increase in secks drive
- because most children, unconsciously, do not want to become adults
59

On average, how many inches do girls add to their height per year during the adolescent growth spurt?
- about 1 inch
- about 3 inches
- about 5 inches
- about 7 inches
60

Which of the following characteristics of asynchronous growth violates the concept of cephalocaudal development?
- arms and legs mature before hands and feet
- hands and feet mature before arms and legs
- legs reach peak growth before shoulders and chest
- shoulders and chest reach peak growth before legs
61

First menstruation is called __.
- nocturnal emission
- initial period
- menarche
- menstrual activation
62

What appears to trigger the production of higher levels of estrogen associated with the initiation of puberty in girls?
- a certain body weight
- a particular amount of body fat
- the secretion of leptin
- all of these work to trigger estrogen production
63

Which of the following are true about early-maturing boys?
- they are only positive implications of early maturation
- they may not be psychologically prepared for their new bodies
- they tend not to be as bright as later-maturing boys
- none of these
64

Compared to boys at ages 13, 15, and 18:
- girls report higher levels of body satisfaction by age 18
- girls report lower levels of depression than boys at all three ages
- girls report more negative body images than boys at all three ages
- girls are less likely to diet than boys at all three ages
65

Which of the following is true about HIV/AIDS?
- it is predominantly a gay illness
- the risk of infection with heterosexual intercourse is low
- knowledge about HIV/AIDS causes the majority of people to modify their seckshual activities
- none of these is true
66

Approximately __ of the nation's adolescent has at least one serious health problem.
- 1%
- 5%
- 10%
- 18%
67

You have just read an article in the paper in which a local adolescent has died in a car accident. Given what we know about causes of death in adolescence, it is most likely true that the adolescent
- is 12 to 14 years old
- is female
- is Caucasian
- is older and male
68

A progressive loss of bone is known as __.
- calcium deficiency syndrome
- progressive bone disease
- menopause
- osteoporosis
69

Treating eating disorders:
- is easy with the new generation of anti-anxiety medications
- may need to include treatment against the individual's will
- generally are successful within a few months
- are more successful with anorexia than bulimia
70

A common feature of anorexia is:
- depression
- denial
- prior seckshual abuse
- all of these
71

Randy has been drinking more and more alcohol because if he suddenly stops drinking he experiences very unpleasant side effects. Randy is exhibiting:
- abstinence syndrome
- substance dependence
- withdrawal symptoms
- all of these
72

Nicotine is a:
- stimulant
- depressant
- sedative
- narcotic
73

Which of the following may assist in weight control?
- alcohol
- nicotine
- cocaine
- marijuana
74

Why do adolescents experiment with drugs?
- it is a natural thing to do
- most adolescents do not experiment with drugs
- there are a variety of reasons that differ from adolescent to adolescent
- experimentation is caused by a biological trigger towards addiction
75

What is one of the strongest predictors of adolescent drug use and abuse?
- genetic predisposition towards addiction
- depression
- anxiety
- peer use and acceptance
76

When an adolescent comes for addiction treatment, what is the first step?
- helping them through the withdrawal symptoms
- changing their social environment
- making them dislike being addicted
- focusing on what the drug is doing to their health
77

Which of the following is not a major achievement of formal operational thinking?
- conservation
- classification
- logical thought
- hypothetical thought
78

In terms of career decisions, why might hypothetical thinking lead to anxiety for some adolescents?
- they can imagine failure
- they fear success
- they can envision only choosing one of many options
- hypothetical thinking is almost always negative
79

X + Y = 7. If you are a concrete operational child, what do you assume X is?
- 7
- 4
- 5
- none of these
80

The phrase "jumping to conclusions" is a:
- simile
- metaphor
- oxymoron
- none of these
81

Which researcher/s used a pendulum to examine children's problem-solving skills?
- Kohlberg
- Bandura
- Inhelder and Piaget
- Freud
82

Inhelder and Piaget used a pendulum to explore the ways in which children of different ages went about solving problems. What did they find?
- 8 to 13-year-olds used formal operational thought
- 14 to 15-year-olds used concrete operational thought
- 8 to 13-year-olds used concrete operational thought, whereas 14 to 15-year-olds used formal operational thought
- both groups functioned at a preoperational level
83

Which of the following career fields relies on mental rotation ability?
- architecture
- engineering
- art
- all of these
84

Female adolescents may show reduced performance in math when they are:
- subjected to the stereotype that males are better at math than females
- overly perfectionist
- anxious about taking tests
- all of these
85

Kohlberg may have underestimated the influence of social, cultural and educational institutions on moral development. I.E., parent's use of _ has been found to advance moral reasoning in children
- authoritarian parenting techniques
- power assertion
- love withdrawal
- inductive discipline, such as discussions of feelings of others
86

What stage of moral reasoning is necessary for abstract ideas such as religious tolerance and freedom for all?
- stage 3
- stage 4
- stage 5
- stage 6
87

According to Carol Gilligan (1982), women score lower on Kohlberg's stages of moral development because:
- women have been socialized to make judgments based upon logic
- women have been socialized to make judgments based upon the needs of others
- women are inherently less moral than men
- none of the above
88

What do we know about dropping out of school?
- it leads to delinquent behavior
- more females are likely to drop out than males
- European-Americans are most likely to drop out
- none of these
89

Which of the following appears to impact school dropout rates the most?
- socioeconomic status
- motivation level
- substance abuse
- low self-esteem
90

Which of the following is true about most dropout intervention programs?
- they are proactive in reaching at-risk students before there is a problem
- they easily identity students who are at risk for dropping out
- their focus is mainly on girls, not on boys
- they are usually not employed until dropping out is immanent
91

From a social cognitive perspective, competencies, encoding strategies, and __ affect career choices.
- expectancies
- academic achievement
- parents' careers
- level of abstract thinking
92

Which person developed the Career Typology?
- Holland
- Kohlberg
- Beck
- Bandura
93

According to Holland, conventional people gravitate towards occupations in:
- plumbing and construction work
- government and social organizations
- banking, accounting, and clerical work
- none of the above
94

The Department of Labor's "The Dictionary of Occupational Titles" lists more than __ occupations.
- 2,500
- 10,000
- 20,000
- 35,000
95

Which best describes the relationship between teen employment and ethnic and social class differences?
- European teens are least likely to be employed
- adolescent employment is becoming more common among middle class youth
- lower income teens work fewer hours than middle class teens
- lower income girls are more likely to hold jobs than lower income boys
96

When considering who adolescents view themselves to be, it is important to also consider:
- who they would like to be
- how they view their present selves
- how they reconcile seemingly contradictory traits
- all of these
97

According to Erikson, the primary task of adolescence is to:
- begin developing intimate relationships
- develop ego identity
- feel industrious and want to accomplish things
98

Which of the following is true about ego identity?
- it is directed towards the future
- it is strongly influenced by our past
- it includes our ideological view of the world
- all of these
99

According to Marcia, identity status involves the dimensions of:
- wishes and beliefs
- uncertainty and values
- formation and diffusion
- exploration and commitment
100

Phinney's ethnic identity search is comparable to Marcia's __.
- identity achievement
- identity foreclosure
- identity moratorium
- identity diffusion
101

Brandon is a 17-year-old Hispanic male who has not given much thought to identity issues. Rather, he identifies with the values and practices of his family. According to 3 stages of ethnic identity,
- this is called moratorium
- this is called unexamined ethnic identity
- this is called ethnic identity search
- this is called achieved ethnic identity
102

Contradictions and conflicts in self-descriptions reach their peak at age __.
- 21
- 18
- 16
- 14
103

In early adolescence:
- emotional support from parents and peers is important in the development of self-esteem
- emotional support from parents and peers are equally important to self-esteem
- emotional support is linked to higher rates of positive feelings about the self
- all of these
104

When are conflicts between parents and their children the highest?
- during late adolescence
- during puberty
- during middle adolescence
- during young adulthood
105

Adolescents from authoritative homes:
- are more self-reliant
- are more critical of their parents
- are more likely to rebel
- have higher rates of psychological problems
106

Hector is 16-years-old and is opposed to drinking and smoking. In all likelihood:
- Hector's friends will be similar to him in age and beliefs
- Hector is unlikely to form significant adolescent friendships
- Hector's friends are likely to disagree with his belief system
- Hector is likely to be an ethnic minority adolescent
107

Which of the following are peers most likely to influence?
- taste in clothing and music
- moral principles
- future educational goals
- future career goals
108

In comparison to adolescents who do not communicate well with their parents, those who do:
- are likely to have fewer seckshual partners
- are more likely to use contraceptives
- are more likely to delay the onset of seckshual activity
- all of these
109

Secks education programs:
- have been shown to increase teen pregnancy rates
- cause a decline in the use of contraceptives
- work better in the United States than in other countries
- have shown some success in reducing seckshual activity and increasing contraceptive use
110

When children or adolescents engage in illegal activities and come into contact with the criminal justice system, this is called:
- status offenses
- juvenile delinquency
- differential offending
- truancy
111

Which of the following is defined as a status offense?
- drunk driving
- robbery
- underage smoking
- murder
112

How many adolescents have attempted suicide at least once?
- 1 in 5
- 1 in 10
- 1 in 100
- 1 in 1,000
113

Adolescent suicide:
- is never associated with a stressful life event
- is unrelated to social support
- is sometimes related to an adolescent's being "found out" rather than a life event
- is unrelated to problem solving skills

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Child and Adolescent Development

During the preschool years:

When is brain plasticity at its peak?

Younger preschoolers

Nhu and Joseph are chasing each other around the park and wrestling in the grass. This form of play is called:

Rough-and-tumble play:

By the age of two, which of the following fine motor skills can a child accomplish?

Two-year-old Samantha is drawing a picture. It consists of scribbles that she has carefully drawn along the border of the paper. Which stage of drawing is Samantha in?

With handedness:

Jeremy stutters. What might we guess about his handedness?

As children move from infancy into the preschool years:

The average 4- to 6-year-old requires __ calories per day.

Parent's dislikes of certain types of foods (such as vegetables):

Minor illnesses refer to those that:

Which group is most likely to obtain vaccinations for their children?

Around the world, nearly two-thirds of the children who die each year die of:

Why are poor children significantly more likely to die from accidents?

What percentage of dreams occurs during REM sleep?

Failure to control the bladder once the "normal" age for bladder control has been achieved is called:

Bedwetting tends to occur:

Being able to pretend involves:

Engaging in elaborate pretend play is associated with:

Which of the following is true about imaginary friends?

If you ask a child the question "Why does it get dark outside?" and he responds, "So I can go to sleep." This child:

"The sun is sad" is an example of:

Understanding class inclusion requires an understanding of:

Which of the following is true?

Which of the following is a scaffolding strategy for helping a child understand a story?

Which of the following is associated with higher IQ scores by age 3?

Preschool programs for disadvantaged children were created because poor children:

Piaget believed that the appearance-reality distinction appeared at what age?

Preoperational children show some difficulties in recognizing the difference between reality and appearance. This is due to:

Autobiographical memory appears to be linked to:

Which of the following would increase a young child's memory for an event?

Childhood memories seldom persist into adulthood until after age __ .

Repetition is the same as:

In the study by DeLoache and colleagues (1985), what behaviors did children exhibit which indicated they were trying to remember where Big Bird was hidden?

Given the whole-object assumption, a child would assume that "train" refers to the:

Piaget believed that children __ then __.

Fantasy play often involves:

Should parents restrict their children's behavior?

2-year-old Matt reaches over and pulls his mother's hair. She responds by saying "Don't do that. It hurts!" This type of response qualifies as:

The parental technique of power assertion is associated with:

In many cultures, __.

Does the birth of a sibling have an impact on existing children in the family?

Why might parents "relax" in their expectations of later-born children?

Does play serve a purpose?

Bridgette and Ben have created a game in which they race their bicycles through an obstacle course. According to Piaget, this type of play is defined as:

The tendency to prefer to play with peers of the same gender:

Why might children prefer to associate with peers of their own gender?

If Leticia agrees to help Tricia with her project in return for a candy bar, is Leticia exhibiting prosocial behavior?

Which of the following children would be most likely to demonstrate prosocial behavior?

Researchers who propose that individuals are aggressive because there is a competition for resources, such as food, adhere to the __ theory of aggression.

William watches a lot of televised violence. How might this affect his likelihood of helping a victim when violence occurs?

Which of the following is true regarding media violence and aggression?

Considering all women to be "emotional" is:

Kohlberg suggested a cognitive-developmental view of gender typing that suggests that:

In the United States, when has an adolescent made the transition into adulthood?

According to Anna Freud, why is adolescence a turbulent time?

On average, how many inches do girls add to their height per year during the adolescent growth spurt?

Which of the following characteristics of asynchronous growth violates the concept of cephalocaudal development?

First menstruation is called __.

What appears to trigger the production of higher levels of estrogen associated with the initiation of puberty in girls?

Which of the following are true about early-maturing boys?

Compared to boys at ages 13, 15, and 18:

Which of the following is true about HIV/AIDS?

Approximately __ of the nation's adolescent has at least one serious health problem.

You have just read an article in the paper in which a local adolescent has died in a car accident. Given what we know about causes of death in adolescence, it is most likely true that the adolescent

A progressive loss of bone is known as __.

Treating eating disorders:

A common feature of anorexia is:

Randy has been drinking more and more alcohol because if he suddenly stops drinking he experiences very unpleasant side effects. Randy is exhibiting:

Nicotine is a:

Which of the following may assist in weight control?

Why do adolescents experiment with drugs?

What is one of the strongest predictors of adolescent drug use and abuse?

Piaget believed that children then .